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Related Concept Videos

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

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In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
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Updated: May 7, 2025

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes
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Pyrethroid poisoning: Insecticide with mild human toxicity.

Ramya Iyadurai1, J V Peter2, Audrin Lenin3

  • 1Professor, Medicine (Unit 5), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|December 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deliberate self-harm with pyrethroid insecticides is common. Type 2 pyrethroid poisoning, seizures, and pre-hospital treatment increase hospitalization risk.

Keywords:
Human toxicityOutcomesPyrethroidType 1/type 2 pyrethroid compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used globally.
  • Deliberate self-harm (DSH) with pyrethroids presents a significant clinical challenge.
  • Understanding pyrethroid poisoning profiles is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the clinical presentation and outcomes of DSH involving type 1 and type 2 pyrethroids.
  • To identify factors predicting the need for hospitalization in pyrethroid poisoning cases.
  • To inform clinical practice and public health strategies regarding pyrethroid safety.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 379 patients with pyrethroid poisoning in a South Indian tertiary care hospital.
  • Categorization of patients based on type 1 or type 2 pyrethroid exposure.
  • Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify predictors of hospitalization.

Main Results:

  • Type 2 pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and type 1 pyrethroid (transfluthrin) were most common.
  • 34.3% of patients required hospitalization, with 3.4% needing mechanical ventilation; all patients survived.
  • Ingestion of type 2 pyrethroids, history of seizures, and pre-hospital treatment independently predicted hospitalization.

Conclusions:

  • Approximately one-third of pyrethroid poisoning cases necessitate hospitalization.
  • Type 2 pyrethroid poisoning is prevalent and associated with increased severity.
  • Seizures and the need for pre-hospital care are critical indicators for hospitalization in pyrethroid poisoning.