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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Updated: May 7, 2025

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Cerebral Cortical Changes in Craniosynostosis: A Systematic Review.

Michail Palaios1, Christos Rapanos1, Ioannis Kapsokavadis1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC.

Cureus
|December 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review examines cerebral cortical changes in craniosynostosis, finding both syndromic and non-syndromic forms affect brain structure and connectivity. Current data cannot definitively explain if skull deformities cause brain changes or vice versa.

Keywords:
cerebral cortical changescerebral cortical thinninggenetic diseaseneural connectivitynon-syndromic craniosynostosissyndromic craniosynostosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Craniosynostosis involves premature fusion of cranial sutures, impacting skull shape.
  • Cerebral cortical changes, including volume, size, and structure alterations, are observed in craniosynostosis.
  • Both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of craniosynostosis are associated with distinct cortical abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize current literature on cerebral cortical changes in craniosynostosis.
  • To investigate alterations in cortical volume, size, and structure (e.g., connectivity) in syndromic and non-syndromic craniosynostosis.
  • To explore existing theories on the relationship between craniosynostosis and cortical development.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed database using specific keywords related to cerebral cortex and craniosynostosis.
  • Inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to filter retrieved articles.
  • Quality assessment of included publications using the Anatomical Quality Assessment (AQUA) tool.

Main Results:

  • Syndromic craniosynostosis is linked to temporal lobe/frontal cortex abnormalities, cortical surface area changes, and simplified gyral patterns.
  • Non-syndromic craniosynostosis is associated with altered neuronal connectivity, grey matter volume, and Sylvian fissure volume.
  • Two main theories (deformation vs. deformity) exist regarding the cause of brain changes, but current data are insufficient to resolve this debate.

Conclusions:

  • Craniosynostosis leads to significant cerebral cortical changes, varying between syndromic and non-syndromic types.
  • The etiological relationship between skull deformity and brain malformation remains unclear.
  • Therapeutic strategies, primarily surgical, are evolving with emerging regenerative medicine approaches.