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Cavitary Pulmonary Tuberculosis in an Infant

Sofia Branco1,2, Sara Nogueira Machado3,2, Inês Azevedo4,2,5

  • 1Pediatrics, Unidade Local de Saúde Póvoa de Varzim/Vila do Conde, Póvoa de Varzim, PRT.

Cureus
|December 30, 2024
PubMed

Insights

A three-month-old infant with atypical symptoms was diagnosed with infant tuberculosis (TB). Early diagnosis and treatment with antituberculosis drugs are crucial for favorable outcomes in pediatric TB cases.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health concern, with diagnostic challenges in infants due to atypical presentations.
  • Portugal faces a significant burden of TB, necessitating improved diagnostic strategies, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Observation:

  • A previously healthy three-month-old infant presented with non-specific symptoms including cough, rhinorrhea, respiratory distress, and fever.
  • Initial treatment for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was ineffective, with subsequent imaging revealing necrotizing pneumonia.

Findings:

  • Thoracic computed tomography and bronchoscopy identified consolidation with cavitation, lymphatic involvement, and bronchial compression.
  • Gastric aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage confirmed the presence of *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering infant tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of persistent respiratory symptoms unresponsive to standard antibiotic therapy.
  • Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antituberculosis treatment, potentially including adjunctive corticosteroids, are essential for successful management and improved prognosis in pediatric TB.

Keywords:
atypical presentationcavitationinfantmycobacterium tuberculosistuberculosis

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