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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Prescription, Nonprescription and Orphan Drugs01:02

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Prescription drugs require a prescription from a medical practitioner and can only be obtained from a pharmacy. They have many applications, including treating pain, anxiety, and hypertension.
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Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact01:03

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Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
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Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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Drug Regulation01:25

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Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...
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Widening Racial Disparities in the U.S. Overdose Epidemic.

M Kumi Smith1, Colin Planalp2, Sarah L Bennis1

  • 1Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
|December 30, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drug overdose deaths are rapidly increasing, especially in Black, Native, and Hispanic/Latino communities. Regional differences in racial disparities highlight the impact of structural racism on health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Drug overdose deaths in the U.S. surpassed fatalities from vehicle accidents and firearms combined in 2021.
  • The current overdose epidemic disproportionately affects communities of color.
  • Investigating racial disparities is crucial for understanding and addressing the evolving epidemic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine regional and substance-specific variations in racial disparities in drug overdose deaths.
  • To identify trends in mortality rates among different racial and ethnic groups.
  • To explore the influence of structural racism on health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data on opioid-related overdose deaths from 1999-2022 from the CDC's WONDER database.
  • Compared national, state, and substance-level racial disparities to identify trends.
  • Analyzed data in 2024 to assess disparities.

Main Results:

  • Age-adjusted overdose mortality increased from 6.2 to 32.7 deaths per 100,000 (1999-2022).
  • Mortality increased most rapidly in Black (249.3%), Native (166.3%), and Hispanic/Latino (171.8%) Americans.
  • Regional disparities were observed, with specific areas showing higher overdose deaths among Native and Black populations. Cocaine and opioid-related deaths disproportionately affected Black Americans, while methamphetamine and opioid polyuse deaths were highest among Native Americans.

Conclusions:

  • The opioid epidemic is accelerating, particularly in racially minoritized communities.
  • The rise in stimulant-involved overdose deaths is a racialized issue impacting Black and Native Americans.
  • State-level variations in disparities suggest regionally specific impacts of structural racism, necessitating tailored solutions.