Central Taxa Are Keystone Microbes During Early Succession

Microorganisms underpin numerous ecosystem processes and support biodiversity globally. Yet, we understand surprisingly little about what structures environmental microbiomes, including how to efficiently identify key players. Microbiome network theory predicts that highly connected hubs act as keystones, but this has never been empirically tested in nature. Combining culturing, sequencing, networks and field experiments, we isolated 'central' (highly connected, hub taxa), 'intermediate' (moderately connected), and 'peripheral' (weakly/unconnected) microbes and experimentally evaluated their effects on soil microbiome assembly during early succession in nature. Central early colonisers significantly (1) enhanced biodiversity (35%-40% richer communities), (2) reshaped trajectories of microbiome assembly and (3) increased recruitment of additional influential microbes by > 60%. In contrast, peripheral microbes did not increase diversity and were transient taxa, minimally affected by the presence of other microbes. This work elucidates fundamental principles of network theory in microbial ecology and demonstrates for the first time in nature that central microbes act as keystone taxa.