Marked spatial heterogeneity of macro-benthic communities along a shallow-mesophotic depth gradient in Reunion Island

Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) have gained considerable attention this last decade but the paucity of knowledge on these ecosystems is pronounced, particularly in the Southwestern Indian Ocean region. We explore the spatial variation in macro-benthic and scleractinian communities along a wide depth gradient (15-95 m) and among contrasted sites around Reunion Island. Values for percent cover of macro-benthic and scleractinian communities varied significantly along depth, resulting in a vertical zonation of communities. We recorded a transition of light-dependent communities towards heterotrophic organisms between shallow and upper mesophotic zones at 30-45 m, and a community shift in the lower mesophotic zone at 75 m. Despite overlaps in scleractinian genera distribution along the depth gradient, predominant genera of shallow depths were in low abundance in MCEs (> 30 m). Our findings highlight the importance of MCEs as distinct ecosystems sheltering diverse, unique habitats and harboring abundant cnidarian-habitat forming organisms. Supporting the 'Deep Reef Refuge Hypothesis', 56% of scleractinian genera spanned shallow to mesophotic depths, while one-third were depth specialists, either shallow or mesophotic. This highlights the limited refuge potential of mesophotic reefs for Southwestern Indian Ocean coral communities. Our findings establish baseline data for monitoring and conserving Reunion Island's MCEs.