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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Generating Spheroids from Various Chondrocytes using Low-Adhesive Conditions under Gravity and Homemade Mini-Bioreactors
09:03

Generating Spheroids from Various Chondrocytes using Low-Adhesive Conditions under Gravity and Homemade Mini-Bioreactors

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Small spheroids for head and neck cartilage tissue engineering.

Sven Reutter1,2, Johann Kern1,2, Yvonne Jakob1,2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.

Scientific Reports
|December 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary

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This study optimized spheroid formation for cartilage reconstruction. Nasal and auricular cartilage cells can create functional cartilage microtissues without scaffolds, offering new options for head and neck defects.

Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biomaterials Science

Background:

  • Cartilage defects in the head and neck (HNC) are common, necessitating effective reconstruction methods.
  • Traditional tissue engineering faces limitations like poor cell distribution and compromised tissue architecture.
  • A bottom-up approach using cell-derived microtissues offers a promising alternative to scaffold-based methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine optimal conditions for generating cartilage spheroids from head and neck tissues.
  • To evaluate the influence of cell density and chondrogenic cytokines on spheroid formation and ECM production.
  • To compare spheroid characteristics derived from auricular and nasoseptal cartilage.

Main Methods:

  • Chondrocytes (CCs) and chondroprogenitors (CPCs) were isolated from auricular and nasoseptal cartilage.
Keywords:
CartilageElastic cartilageHead and neckMicrotissuesSpheroidTissue engineering

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  • Spheroids were formed using ultra-low attachment (ULA) plates or micromass cultures with varying cell densities.
  • The impact of TGF-β, CTGF, and IGF-1 on spheroid morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition was assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • Optimal spheroid formation was achieved with 2.5 × 10⁴ cells in chondrogenic medium on ULA plates.
    • Auricular spheroids exhibited larger size and growth, while nasal spheroids tended to shrink.
    • Both spheroid types produced cartilage ECM components, including elastin in nasal spheroids, indicating potential for elastic cartilage generation.

    Conclusions:

    • Spheroid culture represents a viable scaffold-free approach for generating mature cartilage tissue.
    • Nasal chondrocytes and chondroprogenitors can be utilized to engineer elastic cartilage.
    • These findings provide technical insights for creating cartilage microtissues for HNC reconstructive surgery.