Evaluating the Evidence for Neuroprotective and Axonal Regenerative Activities of Different Inflammatory Cell Types...

The optic nerve contains retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and functions to transmit visual stimuli to the brain. Injury to the optic nerve from ischemia, trauma, or disease leads to retrograde axonal degeneration and subsequent RGC dysfunction and death, causing irreversible vision loss. Inflammatory responses to neurological damage and axonal injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) are typically harmful to neurons and prevent recovery. However, recent evidence indicates that certain inflammatory cell types and signaling pathways are protective after optic nerve injury and promote RGC survival and axonal regeneration. The objective of this review is to examine the evidence for diverse effects of inflammatory cell types on the retina and optic nerve after injury. Additionally, we highlight promising avenues for further research.