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Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Human Riboviruses: A Comprehensive Study.

Gauravya Mohan1, Akangkha Choudhury1, Jeevika Bhat1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi (South Campus), New Delhi, 110021, India.

Journal of Molecular Evolution
|December 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Riboviruses, originating from animals, frequently cause human epidemics. Understanding their evolution and infection mechanisms is key to developing effective antiviral treatments and vaccines.

Keywords:
Host restriction factorsRibovirusesVirus evolutionVirus-host compatibilityZoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Zoonotic viral diseases pose significant public health threats, necessitating research into virus-host interactions.
  • Riboviruses, with animal origins, are responsible for numerous human epidemics and pandemics.
  • Viral evolution, driven by natural selection and mutation, enhances infectivity and virulence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive understanding of Riboviruses, covering their biology, transmission, and molecular mechanisms.
  • To highlight the importance of studying Riboviruses for developing effective antiviral strategies and vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on Ribovirus evolution, host-pathogen interactions, and molecular adaptations.
  • Analysis of viral genetic content, including GC content and codon usage, in relation to host patterns.
  • Examination of viral and host factors influencing infection outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Riboviruses accumulate mutations that enhance their fitness, mutability, and virulence.
  • Viruses adapt by mimicking host GC content and codon usage to increase infection success.
  • Viral protein-host receptor compatibility and host restriction factors are critical in determining infection fate.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of Ribovirus biology and molecular mechanisms is crucial for combating zoonotic viral diseases.
  • This knowledge is essential for the development of novel antiviral therapies, vaccines, and control strategies.
  • Holistic approaches are vital for addressing the challenges posed by Riboviruses and preventing future outbreaks.