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Applicability and applications of alternative TOFD techniques.

Shijie Jin1, Zhicheng Wang1, Xinhao Wang1

  • 1NDT&E Laboratory, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116085, China.

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Summary

Alternative ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) techniques effectively detect near-surface defects by using indirect diffracted waves. A new theoretical model optimizes technique selection, reducing the dead zone in aluminum alloy plates with high accuracy.

Keywords:
Dead zoneMode conversionNear-surface defectsUltrasonic testingtime-of-flight diffraction (TOFD)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Non-Destructive Testing
  • Ultrasonic Testing

Background:

  • The standard ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique has limitations in inspecting near-surface defects due to its dead zone.
  • Alternative TOFD methods utilize indirect diffracted waves to overcome the dead zone limitation, but their applicability depends on various parameters.
  • Understanding the influence of parameters like sample thickness, defect depth, inspection frequency, and probe center spacing (PCS) is crucial for effective near-surface defect detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and compare the applicability of alternative TOFD techniques for detecting near-surface defects in aluminum alloy plates.
  • To develop a theoretical model for selecting the optimal alternative TOFD technique based on parameter conditions.
  • To experimentally validate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical model in reducing the dead zone and accurately measuring defect depths.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of alternative TOFD techniques using aluminum alloy plates.
  • Definition of an evaluation index based on the time difference between structural and indirect diffracted waves.
  • Theoretical calculation and compositing of three-dimensional applicability diagrams for mode-converted waves (LS-L, LL-S).
  • Establishment of a theoretical model for optimal alternative TOFD technique selection.
  • Experimental validation on defects with depths of 2.0-3.0 mm in aluminum alloy plates (7-20 mm thickness).

Main Results:

  • The developed theoretical model accurately identifies the most suitable alternative TOFD technique for shallow subsurface defect detection.
  • Experimental results demonstrate effective reduction of the dead zone range.
  • Measurement errors for defect depths were within 3.6%, confirming the model's high accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed theoretical model provides a robust framework for selecting optimal alternative TOFD techniques for near-surface defect inspection.
  • The methodology is effective in enhancing the applicable range of TOFD for detecting shallow defects in aluminum alloys.
  • The findings have potential for broader application in TOFD inspection of various materials and structures.