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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

130
Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
130
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

77
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
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Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
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Longitudinal changes in reinforcement learning during smoking cessation: a computational analysis using a

Chiara Montemitro1,2,3, Paolo Ossola4,5, Thomas J Ross6

  • 1Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. chiara.montemitro@liu.se.

Scientific Reports
|December 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smokers quitting nicotine showed increased sensitivity to punishment, not rewards, during abstinence. This cognitive shift may aid long-term smoking cessation by adapting decision-making processes.

Keywords:
Decision-makingNicotine abstinencePunishment sensitivityReinforcement learningSmoking cessationWithdrawal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cigarette smoking persists as a global health issue, with many failing to maintain abstinence.
  • Understanding cognitive changes during smoking cessation is crucial for effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of reinforcement learning (RL) in smokers during nicotine abstinence.
  • To examine how decision-making processes change during acute and extended smoking cessation.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal, within-subject design with 20 smokers abstaining for 30 days.
  • Probabilistic reward task (PRT) to assess RL and signal-detection analysis.
  • Evaluation using five RL models across three sessions during abstinence.

Main Results:

  • Punishment sensitivity significantly increased during smoking cessation, contrary to hypotheses.
  • Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome (NWS) impacted RL, with dynamic craving-reward/punishment sensitivity.
  • Heightened sensitivity to negative outcomes at 30 days suggests cognitive adaptation for abstinence.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking cessation involves significant cognitive recalibration, particularly increased punishment sensitivity.
  • These findings suggest personalized treatment approaches for smoking cessation are needed.
  • Further research is required to understand the mechanisms of punishment sensitivity during abstinence.