A Narrative Review of the Role of Blood Biomarkers in the Risk Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases

Area of Science:

• Cardiology
• Preventive Medicine
• Biomarker Discovery

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a significant global health challenge, driving morbidity and mortality.
• Early detection of CVD is critical for effective intervention and improved patient outcomes.
• The identification of reliable biomarkers is essential for predicting CVD risk in asymptomatic individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and identify biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the general population.
• To highlight the role of these biomarkers in advancing preventive cardiology.
• To assess the potential of novel biomarkers in enhancing CVD risk stratification.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing studies on CVD biomarkers.
• Analysis of established and emerging biomarkers associated with CVD risk factors.
• Evaluation of biomarker combinations for improved diagnostic and prognostic accuracy.

Main Results:

• Biomarkers like atherogenic lipoproteins, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are linked to CVD risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity).
• Inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), enhance risk prediction when combined with conventional biomarkers.
• Emerging biomarkers like myeloperoxidase (MPO) and procalcitonin (PCT) show promise for early detection, though their role in CVD requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

• Specific biomarkers can aid in predicting CVD risk, enabling proactive preventive strategies.
• Combining multiple biomarkers may improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy, but optimal combinations need further research.
• Continued research into novel biomarkers is vital for advancing cardiovascular health and reducing disease burden.