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Heart Sounds

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...

Exercise Stress Test

Exercise Stress Test

Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
Definition
An exercise stress test measures the heart's response to exertion using a treadmill or stationary bicycle. Chest electrodes record the heart's electrical activity through an ECG, and blood pressure is monitored regularly.
Purposes

Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure

Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure

Direct Method
This invasive approach involves cannulating a peripheral artery. During each cardiac contraction, pressure generates mechanical motion within the catheter, transmitted through rigid, fluid-filled tubing to a transducer. This transducer converts mechanical motion into electrical signals displayed as waveforms on a monitor. An automatic flushing system prevents blood backflow. Due to the potential risk of unexpected arterial blood loss, this method is primarily used in intensive...

Special considerations while measuring blood pressure

Special considerations while measuring blood pressure

When assessing blood pressure (BP), healthcare professionals must consider various factors and potential unexpected outcomes to ensure accurate readings and provide proper patient care. Adhering to these guidelines is essential to achieving the most reliable results.
Monitoring Both Arms:
Monitoring BP in both arms during the initial assessment is advisable, as the systolic value may differ by five to ten mm Hg between arms. For subsequent BP assessments, use the arm with the higher reading.

Korotkoff Sounds

Korotkoff Sounds

Korotkoff sounds are the specific sounds heard while measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, typically with a stethoscope or a Doppler device. They are named after Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov, who first described them in 1905. These sounds correspond to turbulent blood flow in the artery as the blood pressure cuff is gradually released after inflation.
During blood pressure assessment, inflating the cuff 30 millimeters of mercury above the patient's systolic blood pressure...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Published on: June 6, 2012

Stress classification with in-ear heartbeat sounds.

Danielle Benesch¹, Bérangère Villatte², Alain Vinet³

¹École de technologie supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame St W, Montreal, H3C 1K3, Quebec, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Music Media and Technology (CIRMMT), 527 Rue Sherbrooke O #8, Montréal, QC H3A 1E3, Canada.

Computers in Biology and Medicine

|January 1, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

In-ear devices can monitor stress using heartbeat sounds, improving hearing aid capabilities for conditions like tinnitus. A new data augmentation method enhances accuracy by addressing signal artifacts.

Keywords:

Hearables Heart rate variability Hyperacusis In-ear audio Misophonia Stress monitoring Tinnitus

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Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Machine Learning
Physiological Monitoring

Background:

Stress significantly impacts tinnitus and sound tolerance.
Current hearing devices lack stress-monitoring capabilities.
In-ear devices offer a potential solution for stress detection.

Purpose of the Study:

Assess the feasibility of stress monitoring using an in-ear device.
Compare in-ear heartbeat sounds with electrocardiography (ECG) for stress detection.
Develop a robust stress recognition system for hearing devices.

Main Methods:

Simultaneously recorded in-ear heartbeat sounds and ECG signals from 30 healthy adults.
Extracted heart rate variability features from both signal types.
Trained classification algorithms to predict stress versus rest states.

Main Results:

In-ear heartbeat models showed promising performance, initially outperforming ECG models.
Artifacts, not physiological changes, drove performance differences during stress.
A data augmentation method was developed to mitigate artifact-related biases.

Conclusions:

In-ear heartbeat sounds enable robust stress recognition, enhancing hearing device functionality.
The proposed data augmentation method improves biosignal monitoring robustness.
This technology could benefit individuals with stress-related auditory conditions.