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Related Concept Videos

The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

The Tongue and Taste Buds

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

µTongue: A Microfluidics-Based Functional Imaging Platform for the Tongue In Vivo
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A collicular map for touch-guided tongue control.

Brendan S Ito1, Yongjie Gao2, Brian Kardon2

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. itobrendan@gmail.com.

Nature
|January 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate goal-directed behaviors depend on integrating touch with body position. The lateral superior colliculus (latSC) is crucial for dynamic touch-guided tongue control, acting as a mechanosensorimotor map.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory-motor integration
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • Goal-directed behaviors require integrating tactile information with proprioception and motion.
  • Dynamic control of the tongue during behaviors like chewing and speech relies on precise tactile events, but the underlying neural circuits are unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural circuits responsible for dynamic touch-guided tongue control.
  • To determine the role of the lateral superior colliculus (latSC) in integrating tactile and proprioceptive information for tongue movement.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed videography to analyze three-dimensional lingual kinematics in mice.
  • Photoinactivation experiments to assess the function of cortical and subcortical areas.
  • Electrophysiological recordings to characterize neuronal activity in the latSC.
  • Viral tracing and optical microstimulation to map neural pathways and functional organization.

Main Results:

  • Mice integrated touch and tongue position to re-aim licks when a water spout unexpectedly moved.
  • Photoinactivation of the latSC, but not cortical areas, impaired touch-guided re-aiming.
  • latSC neurons exhibited mechanosensory receptive fields and encoded tongue position.
  • The latSC contains a topographic map for aiming licks, receiving inputs from the lingual trigeminal nucleus.

Conclusions:

  • The lateral superior colliculus (latSC) plays a critical role in dynamic touch-guided tongue control.
  • The latSC functions as a mechanosensorimotor map, integrating tactile and proprioceptive information for precise tongue movements.
  • These findings reveal a collicular mechanism for touch-guided orienting behaviors, analogous to known visuomotor pathways.