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Related Concept Videos

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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RNA Interference01:23

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation
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tRNA-derived small RNAs in disease immunity.

Hongyuan Jia1, Linling Zhang2

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.

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|January 2, 2025
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Summary

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are newly recognized molecules involved in immunity. This review explores their functions in disease and potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

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adaptive immunityautoimmune diseasesbiogenesisnon-coding RNAtRNA-derived small RNAtumor immunology

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with emerging roles in cellular processes.
  • Previously, their low molecular weight hindered detection and understanding of their functions.
  • Recent advancements have enabled the study of tsRNAs, revealing their significance in various biological contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biogenesis and diverse biological functions of tsRNAs.
  • To highlight the involvement of tsRNAs in the immune response.
  • To explore the potential of tsRNAs as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current literature on tsRNA biogenesis and function.
  • Evidence regarding tsRNA involvement in immunity, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections is analyzed.
  • The potential clinical applications of tsRNAs are discussed based on existing research.

Main Results:

  • tsRNAs play multifaceted roles, including transcriptional regulation and mRNA translation modulation.
  • tsRNAs are implicated in modulating immune responses, influencing tumor progression, autoimmune pathology, and pathogen infections.
  • tsRNAs show promise as biomarkers for cellular homeostasis and disease states.

Conclusions:

  • tsRNAs are critical regulators of cellular functions and the immune system.
  • Targeting tsRNAs presents a potential therapeutic strategy for various human diseases.
  • Further research into tsRNA functions in the mammalian immune system is crucial for clinical applications.