New Horizons of Biomarkers in Metastatic Thyroid Cancer

This review focuses on the latest advancements in using biomarkers to diagnose, predict outcomes, and guide the treatment of different types of thyroid cancer, such as anaplastic, papillary, medullary, and follicular thyroid carcinoma. We highlight the key role of both traditional and new biomarkers in improving the treatment of these cancers. For anaplastic thyroid cancer, biomarkers are crucial for detecting distant metastases and making treatment decisions. In papillary thyroid carcinoma, biomarkers are used to predict patient survival, taking into account factors like age, the presence of metastasis, and the extent of the tumor. Medullary thyroid carcinoma has seen advancements due to genetic research, particularly in identifying RET mutations, which help in selecting targeted treatments. In follicular thyroid carcinoma, understanding the tumor's molecular profile is important for assessing its aggressiveness and potential to spread. The review also discusses the therapeutic use and variability of various biomarkers in advanced thyroid cancers. Among the most relevant innovations are advancements in detection techniques such as the detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and microRNA is emerging as a promising tool for monitoring the disease and predicting treatment response. The integration of these biomarkers into clinical practice, including the most recent detection techniques, is a significant step toward personalized medicine, leading to more accurate diagnoses and better outcomes for thyroid cancer patients.