Standardization and consensus in the development and application of bone organoids

Organoids, self-organized structures derived from stem cells cultured in a specific three-dimensional (3D) in vitro microenvironment, have emerged as innovative platforms that closely mimic in vivo cellular behavior, tissue architecture, and organ function. Bone organoids, a frontier in organoid research, can replicate the complex structures and functional characteristics of bone tissue. Recent advancements have led to the successful development of bone organoids, including models of callus, woven bone, cartilage, trabecular bone, and bone marrow. These organoids are widely utilized in establishing bone-related disease models, bone injury repair, and drug screening. However, significant discrepancies remain between current bone organoids and human skeletal tissues in terms of morphology and functionality, limiting their ability to accurately model human bone physiology and pathology. To address these challenges and promote standardization in the construction, evaluation, and application of bone organoids, we have convened experts and research teams with substantial expertise in the field. By integrating existing research findings, this consortium aims to establish a consensus to guide future research and application of bone organoids.