Targeted Nanoprobes Enabled Precision Theranostics in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a highly aggressive and prognostically unfavorable subtype of breast cancer, characterized by the absence of common hormone receptors, which renders conventional therapies largely ineffective. This review comprehensively examines the molecular and clinical characteristics of TNBC, underscoring the substantial challenges inherent in its treatment and the innovative potential of targeted nanoprobes in advancing both diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. Through the modification of targeting molecules, nanoprobes can deliver therapeutic agents highly specific to TNBC cells, thus significantly improving the sensitivity of diagnostic modalities and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Our discussion systematically explores the application of various targeting molecules and their advantages and limitations. In addition, this review presents a series of multifunctional targeted nanoprobes that are designed to perform both diagnostic and therapeutic functions, thus providing a synergistic approach to the treatment of TNBC. These advanced nanoprobes enable precise tumor localization while monitoring the therapeutic response in real time, thus facilitating a more personalized and dynamic treatment regimen. The major obstacles encountered during clinical translation are discussed in detail. The use of targeted nanoprobes represents a major leap forward in personalized medicine for TNBC, and current research efforts will continue to refine these technologies to improve clinical applicability.