Incorporation of RLINE into AERMOD: An update and evaluation for mobile source applications

The R-LINE model, which was released in 2013 as a stand-alone model for roadway-type applications and was based on a set of newly developed dispersion curves, exhibited favorable model performance in a limited set of evaluations. In 2019, the R-LINE model was incorporated as the RLINE source type in EPA's preferred near-field dispersion model AERMOD. Since its inclusion in AERMOD, the RLINE source type has been tested and compared to other AERMOD source types using multiple data sets and transportation studies. The outcome of these tests is a need to revisit the dispersion parameters used in the original RLINE dispersion curves to address performance issues suggested by comparisons to AREA and VOLUME source types in AERMOD. The work presented here includes corrections to the RLINE vertical wind profiling, harmonization of several aspects of the RLINE formulation with AERMOD's AREA and VOLUME source types (i.e. the addition of terrain and meander weighting), and updates to the RLINE dispersion parameterization based on a computational optimization routine. The updated RLINE source type is compared with AREA and VOLUME estimates for two hot-spot transportation studies. RLINE modeled estimates are also reevaluated with two of the previous evaluation studies and two additional tracer studies. The updated RLINE formulation leads to improved performance in most cases and closer comparison with the AREA and VOLUME sources.Implications: The RLINE source type was recently added by the EPA to the AERMOD model as a "preferred" model option. Thus, the RLINE source type is now available to the air quality modeling community as a modeling option without any approval required. This paper explains recent changes to the model formulation and provides both an updated and expanded model evaluation. For the updated evaluation, we compare the three AERMOD source types (RLINE, AREA, and VOLUME) for two tracer databases used when the RLINE source was initially created (Caltrans 99 and Idaho Falls). We also add model evaluations for two "new" databases (GM Sulfate and Berkeley Freeway Experiment) to expand the assessments of model performance. Additionally, two model intercomparisons are examined, comparing design concentrations for two real-world highway hot-spot projects for RLINE against the AREA and VOLUME sources, which show much better agreement between the three source types with the updated RLINE model. The work is essential for dispersion model practitioners to understand the specifics of RLINE's model formulation as well as its performance against the other two AERMOD source types typically used for modeling roadway emissions.