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Recognizing and mitigating cardiac MRI artifacts is crucial for accurate cardiovascular disease evaluation. This review details common artifacts, their causes, and strategies for artifact reduction in various CMR sequences, especially at 3-T imaging.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Cardiac MRI (CMR) is essential for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases.
  • CMR image acquisition presents technical challenges, often leading to artifacts.
  • Understanding and mitigating these artifacts are critical for diagnostic accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common cardiac MRI artifacts.
  • To explain the causes of these artifacts.
  • To outline strategies for artifact mitigation in various CMR sequences and at 3-T imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common CMR sequences including balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP), cine imaging, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), phase-contrast imaging, and first-pass perfusion imaging.
  • Discussion of artifact types such as band, flow, motion, aliasing, Gibbs ringing, and device-related artifacts.
  • Exploration of mitigation techniques including targeted shimming, sequence parameter adjustments, motion compensation, signal averaging, and specialized sequences.

Main Results:

  • Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences are prone to band and flow artifacts, exacerbated at 3-T, but manageable with specific techniques.
  • Real-time sequences improve cine imaging quality in patients with arrhythmias or poor breath-hold.
  • Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) artifacts can be reduced using single-shot techniques, but partial-volume averaging and incomplete nulling remain challenges.
  • Phase-contrast imaging requires careful velocity encoding to avoid aliasing.
  • Gibbs ringing in perfusion imaging can be differentiated from true defects.
  • Device-related artifacts on LGE images can be mitigated with wide-band sequences.

Conclusions:

  • Effective artifact recognition and mitigation are paramount for reliable CMR diagnostics.
  • Specific strategies exist to address artifacts in various CMR sequences, including those at higher field strengths like 3-T.
  • Adaptation of CMR techniques is necessary to overcome imaging challenges and ensure diagnostic quality.