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Related Concept Videos

Correlation and Causation01:27

Correlation and Causation

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Statistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. An indirect relationship of the variables signifies a correlation, while a direct relationship shows causation. If it is determined that no connection exists between the variables, then the correlation is a coincidence.
Correlation versus Causation
If the dependent variable increases or decreases when the independent variable increases, there is a positive or negative...
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Cause and Effect01:53

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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Correlation01:09

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In statistics, two variables are said to be correlated if the values of one variable are associated with the other variable. Depending on the relationship between two variables, correlation can be of three types– positive correlation, negative correlation, and zero correlation.
Two variables, for example, a and b, are said to be positively correlated if both variables move in the same direction. In other words, a positive correlation exists between two variables, a and b, if:
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Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

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The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
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Correlations02:20

Correlations

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

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The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
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Monogamy relations for relativistically causal correlations.

Mirjam Weilenmann1

  • 1Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland. mirjam.weilenmann@unige.ch.

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Quantum correlations compatible with special relativity must satisfy strict monogamy relations. Violating these constraints implies superluminal signalling, refuting proposed physical mechanisms for faster-than-light communication.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Theory
  • Relativistic Quantum Information
  • Foundations of Physics

Background:

  • Non-signalling conditions are fundamental constraints for systems consistent with special relativity.
  • Previous research suggested a subset of these conditions might suffice for multi-party relativistic causality.
  • The implications of these relaxed conditions for physical mechanisms were not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the consequences of correlations satisfying only a subset of non-signalling conditions.
  • To determine if such correlations are compatible with physical mechanisms respecting relativistic causality.
  • To derive general entropic inequalities governing these correlations.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of novel monogamy relations in the form of entropic inequalities.
  • Analysis of the non-local properties of correlations satisfying a restricted set of constraints.
  • Testing proposed physical mechanisms against these derived inequalities.

Main Results:

  • Correlations satisfying a subset of non-signalling conditions necessitate highly non-local monogamy relations.
  • These entropic inequalities reveal strong constraints on space-like separated random variables.
  • Previously suggested mechanisms for relativistically causal correlations were shown to violate these monogamy relations.

Conclusions:

  • The subset of non-signalling conditions is insufficient to permit physical mechanisms for relativistically causal correlations.
  • Any mechanism attempting to realize such correlations would inevitably lead to superluminal signalling.
  • Monogamy relations provide a powerful tool to rule out unphysical scenarios in relativistic quantum information.