Iron in the migraine brain

Iron, a vital element for numerous peripheral and central nervous system functions, is a key player in DNA synthesis, gene expression, myelination, neurotransmission, and mitochondrial electron transport. Iron has utmost importance in various neurological functions, including neurotransmitter synthesis and brain cell metabolism. Migraine is a neurogliovascular disorder in which neuroinflammation plays a crucial role. Iron deficiency has been associated with various neurological issues and could potentially influence migraine frequency or severity. However, the relationship between iron levels and migraine is not fully clear and necessitates further research. On the other hand, iron overload could also have negative effects, as excessive iron might contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation, which may impact migraine-related pathways. The interplay between iron levels and neuroinflammation might affect migraines. While iron deficiency could exacerbate inflammation or disrupt neurotransmitter balance, iron overload might increase oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Comprehending this balance is fundamental, as both iron deficiency and overload can have detrimental effects on brain health and migraine symptoms. In this review, we will summarize the current interconnection between migraine, iron levels, and neuroinflammation that are currently under active investigation.