A Narrative Review of Invasive Candidiasis in the Intensive Care Unit

Candida species is the most common cause of invasive fungal infection in the critically ill population admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Numerous risk factors for developing invasive candidiasis (IC) have been identified, and some, like the breach of protective barriers, abound within the ICU. Given that IC carries a significant mortality, morbidity, and healthcare cost burden, early diagnosis and treatment have become an essential topic of discussion. Several expert panels and task forces have been established to provide clear guidance on the management of IC. Unfortunately, IC remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge attributable to the changing fungal ecology of Candida species and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. This narrative review will focus on the following: (1) the incidence, outcomes, and changing epidemiology of IC globally; (2) the risk factors for developing IC; (3) IC risk stratification tools and their appropriate use; (4) diagnosis of IC; and (5) therapeutic agents and regimens.