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Detecting a Long-Lived False Vacuum with Quantum Quenches.

Gianluca Lagnese1,2,3, Federica Maria Surace4, Sid Morampudi5

  • 1<a href="https://ror.org/04zaypm56">Institute of Polar Sciences CNR</a>, Via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy.

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Researchers found a way to distinguish between true and false vacuum states using short-term physical phenomena. This method, applied to a quantum Ising model, analyzes magnetization changes after a quench to identify system stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Cosmology

Background:

  • Distinguishing between stable (true vacuum) and metastable (false vacuum) states is challenging due to potentially long lifetimes.
  • Direct observation is often impractical for determining the stability of low-energy states in complex systems.
  • Understanding vacuum stability is crucial for fundamental physics and cosmology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a method for diagnosing true versus false vacuum states on shorter timescales.
  • To identify physical phenomena that can serve as effective diagnostics for vacuum stability.
  • To explore the implications for understanding the potential metastable vacuum of our universe.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the time evolution of magnetization following a quench in a tractable model system: the tilted quantum Ising model.
  • Analyzed the magnitude spectrum of magnetization dynamics as a diagnostic tool.
  • Investigated the behavior of transition bubbles and their lifetimes as a function of size.

Main Results:

  • The magnitude spectrum of magnetization dynamics effectively diagnoses the difference between true and false vacuum states.
  • Observed characteristic differences in the size dependence of bubble lifetimes, even below the critical size for decay.
  • Confirmed that these signatures persist in a continuum field theory, suggesting generality.

Conclusions:

  • Short-timescale physical phenomena, specifically magnetization dynamics, can reliably distinguish between stable and metastable vacuum states.
  • The observed behavior is expected to be generic in similar systems.
  • This diagnostic approach may offer insights into the stability of our universe's potential false vacuum long before any decay.