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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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The general state of stress within a material can be accurately depicted using a stress tensor. This tensor encapsulates the internal forces distributed within a material subjected to external forces or deformations.
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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
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Message from the President.

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The British Veterinary Association (BVA) President reviews a productive 2024, outlining key achievements and future priorities for the veterinary profession. This reflection highlights the organization's commitment to advancing animal welfare and supporting veterinary professionals.

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medicine
    • Animal Welfare Science
    • Professional Association Management

    Background:

    • The British Veterinary Association (BVA) plays a crucial role in advocating for veterinary professionals and animal welfare.

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  • The year 2024 presented numerous challenges and opportunities for the veterinary sector.