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Related Concept Videos

Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud. 
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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Updated: May 2, 2026

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations
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Enhancing Initial State Overlap through Orbital Optimization for Faster Molecular Electronic Ground-State Energy

Pauline J Ollitrault1, Cristian L Cortes1, Jérôme F Gonthier1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum computing phase estimation for molecular ground-state energy is improved by an orbital optimization scheme. This method significantly enhances state overlap, crucial for accurate quantum chemical calculations.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum computing
  • Quantum chemistry
  • Computational physics

Background:

  • The phase estimation algorithm is vital for determining molecular ground-state energies on quantum computers.
  • Algorithm efficiency is limited by the overlap between the initial state and the system's ground state, which degrades with increasing system size.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a practical orbital optimization scheme to enhance the overlap for quantum phase estimation.
  • To improve the efficiency and accuracy of quantum algorithms for molecular electronic structure calculations.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and applied a novel orbital optimization strategy.
  • Tested the method on four iron-sulfur molecules and cytochrome P450 enzyme models.

Main Results:

  • Achieved up to a 2-order-of-magnitude enhancement in overlap compared to traditional localized orbitals.
  • Demonstrated significant overlap improvements in complex molecular systems like cytochrome P450.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed orbital optimization scheme effectively mitigates the overlap decay problem in quantum phase estimation.
  • This advancement is critical for enabling accurate and efficient quantum computation of molecular energies and properties.