Impacts of microplastic accumulation in aquatic environment: Physiological, eco-toxicological, immunological, and...

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic ecosystem has become a pressing global concern. MPs pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems, with devastating consequences for both aquatic life and human health. Notably, freshwater ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to MPs pollution. MPs, characterized by their small size (< 5 mm), have emerged as a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. They exhibit diverse characteristics, including varying sizes, forms, polymer types, and colors. Two distinct categories of MPs exist: primary and secondary. Primary MPs are incorporated into industrial hard materials, cosmetics, and hand cleaners, whereas secondary MPs result from the breakdown of larger plastic products in both terrestrial and marine environments. They enter the environment through various sources, such as household products, clothing, industrial activities, sewage waste and plastic degradation. Aquatic organisms ingest these contaminants, facilitating the transfer of MPs into the food chain and potentially causing severe health problems. This review delves into the bioaccumulation of MPs in fish, highlighting the eco-toxicological, neurological and immunological effects. This review provides an in-depth analysis of innovative solutions for MPs removal and reduction. Finally, we delineate evidence-based strategies to mitigate impacts of MPs, offering valuable insights to inform policy formulations and accelerate the development of sustainable plastic technologies.