Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 7, 2025
05:12
Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
Published on: May 12, 2023
3.4K
Systematic review of the association between thyroid disorders and hyperprolactinemia
Adeel Ahmad Khan1, Rohit Sharma2, Fateen Ata3
1Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, OH, USA.
Thyroid Research
|January 3, 2025
Summary
Thyroid disease, especially hypothyroidism, often causes hyperprolactinemia. Treating thyroid hormone deficiency effectively resolves hyperprolactinemia and pituitary enlargement in most patients.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Reproductive Medicine
Background:
- Thyroid disease (TD), particularly hypothyroidism, is a significant cause of hyperprolactinemia (HPRL).
- This systematic review focuses on adults with this clinical association.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of adults with HPRL secondary to thyroid disease.
- To assess the impact of thyroid hormone replacement on HPRL and pituitary enlargement.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search of PUBMED, SCOPUS, and EMBASE up to December 15, 2022.
- Inclusion of 47 articles comprising 804 patients with HPRL and thyroid disease.
Main Results:
- Majority of patients (85.9%) were female; menstrual irregularity was the most common symptom (74.3%).
- Subclinical hypothyroidism was the most frequent TD (57.1%).
- Thyroid hormone replacement led to complete resolution or improvement of HPRL in 88.9% of patients and pituitary enlargement in 94.1%.
Conclusions:
- Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is effective in resolving HPRL and associated pituitary enlargement in most cases.
- Dopamine agonist treatment is often unnecessary for HPRL caused by hypothyroidism.
Related Concept Videos
01:20Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
3.9K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
3.9K
01:27Major Hormones and Their Functions
254
Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
254
01:18Functions of Thyroid Hormones
2.3K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
2.3K
01:40Hormonal Regulation
42.9K
Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
42.9K
01:27Adrenal Gland Disorders
1.2K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
1.2K
01:17Hormones and Bone Tissue
2.5K
The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
2.5K