CAR-T Cell Therapy: Pioneering Immunotherapy Paradigms in Cancer Treatment

Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world. Cancer is still a complex disease over the years that needs to be cured. Traditional cytotoxic approaches, which have been used for years to treat neoplastic diseases, are limited due to the intricacy and low efficiency of cancer cells. Researchers are consequently pushed to seek more potent therapeutic strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) cell therapy is one such innovative approach in which T lymphocytes are genetically engineered to target cancer cells. Despite the outstanding accomplishment in patients with haematological malignancies, CAR-T cell treatment has demonstrated minimal impact on solid tumors due to a number of obstacles, including proliferation, stability, trafficking, and fate within tumors. Furthermore, interactions between the host and tumour microenvironment with CAR-T cells significantly alter CAR-T cell activities. Designing and implementing these treatments additionally also requires a complex workforce. Overcoming these significant challenges, there is a requirement for innovative strategies for developing CAR-T cells with greater anti-tumor efficacy and reduced toxicity. In this review article, the current advancement in CAR-T cell technology in order to increase clinical efficacy in both solid and hematological tumors, as well as potential solutions to overcome the limitations of CAR-T cell therapy in both solid and haematological tumors.