Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Internal Receptors01:31

Internal Receptors

69.4K
Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
69.4K
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

433
Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
433
Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:17

Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

805
Adrenergic antagonists, or sympatholytics, inhibit adrenoceptor activation driven by catecholamines or agonists. Based on their adrenoceptor specificity, adrenergic blockers can be categorized into two primary groups: α-adrenergic blockers (α-blockers) and β-adrenergic blockers (β-blockers). α-blockers interact with α1 and α2 subtypes of α-adrenoceptors.
Nonselective α-blockers: Nonselective α-blockers contain haloalkylamine or imidazoline...
805
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

2.6K
Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of...
2.6K
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:22

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

534
α-Adrenergic antagonists, known as α-blockers, exert their effects by inhibiting α-adrenoceptors, leading to specific physiological actions. α1-blockers and α2-blockers have distinct pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications.
α1-blockers: These drugs inhibit α1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells, resulting in vasodilation. This vasodilation lowers blood pressure, making α1-blockers valuable in treating hypertension. Additionally,...
534
Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design01:28

Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design

494
Drug design is a dynamic field that involves discovering and developing new medications based on specific biological targets. This process heavily relies on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) to guide the design and optimization of efficient drugs.
SAR studies the intricate relationship between a drug's chemical structure and biological activity. It focuses on understanding how modifications to a drug's structure can influence...
494

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sustained long-term functional and patient-reported outcomes after complete proximal hamstring repair.

Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA·2026
Same author

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Obese Patients Is Associated With Decreased Risk of Revision and Retears After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026
Same author

The "Distal Femoral Replacement Downgrade": Technique of Using Bicondylar Femoral Cones with a Hinge Total Knee Arthroplasty Revision in Patients Who Have Massive Distal Femoral Bone Loss as an Alternative.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2026
Same author

Subsidence Starts Distally: Scaffolding Versus Reconstitution Closure of the Extended Trochanteric Osteotomy in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2026
Same author

Systematic Review of Wound Complications After Direct Anterior Approach Total Hip Arthroplasty: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management Strategies.

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons·2026
Same author

Low Heterotopic Ossification Recurrence Following Surgical Excision in a Total Hip Arthroplasty Population.

The Journal of arthroplasty·2026
Same journal

The Long-term Radiographic Fate of the Chronically ACL-Deficient Knee: Response.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
Same journal

The Long-term Radiographic Fate of the Chronically ACL-Deficient Knee: Letter to the Editor.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
Same journal

Metformin Reduces the Incidence of Shoulder Stiffness After Arthroscopic RC Repair: Letter to the Editor.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
Same journal

Metformin Reduces the Incidence of Shoulder Stiffness After Arthroscopic RC Repair: Response.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
Same journal

What Is the "Perfect" Lateral Radiograph? Effects of Beam Directionality and Condylar Alignment on the Perceived Location of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: Letter to the Editor.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
Same journal

What Is the "Perfect" Lateral Radiograph? Effects of Beam Directionality and Condylar Alignment on the Perceived Location of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: Response.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

665

Athlete Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Abuse: A Systematic Review.

Nikhil Vasireddi1,2, Henrik A Hahamyan3, Heath P Gould4

  • 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

The American Journal of Sports Medicine
|January 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are increasingly used by athletes and linked to serious health risks like liver injury and heart problems. This review highlights the dangers of SARM abuse and the need for better athlete education and regulation.

Keywords:
athletesathletic injuriesdoping in sportsdrug abuseselective androgen receptor modulatorssports medicine

More Related Videos

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
07:25

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Published on: March 6, 2018

13.0K
Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia
03:22

Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia

Published on: January 27, 2018

15.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

665
A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
07:25

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Published on: March 6, 2018

13.0K
Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia
03:22

Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia

Published on: January 27, 2018

15.0K

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are performance-enhancing compounds misused by athletes.
  • SARMs lack FDA approval and are associated with severe adverse effects, including liver injury, myocarditis, and tendon rupture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize literature on SARMs from a sports medicine viewpoint.
  • To understand clinical effects, treatment, prevalence, and contamination of SARMs in athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of English-language literature from PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase.
  • Included articles on SARM clinical outcomes, elimination, contamination, safety, prevalence, and doping control.
  • Level of evidence: 4.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of SARM use in athletes is estimated at 1-3%.
  • SARMs increase lean body mass but cause side effects like testosterone suppression and organ enlargement.
  • Contaminated products and high doses exacerbate risks, including liver injury, cardiovascular events, and tendon damage.

Conclusions:

  • SARM abuse in athletes is widespread, unsafe, and associated with significant health risks.
  • Identifying and treating SARM abuse requires thorough history taking and multidisciplinary care.
  • Regulation of gray-market SARMs is needed to protect public health.