The microgravity environment affects sensorimotor adaptation and its neural correlates

The microgravity environment results in transient changes in sensorimotor behavior upon astronauts' return to Earth; the effects on behavior inflight are less understood. We examined whether adaptation to sensory conflict is disrupted in microgravity, suggesting competition for adaptive resources. We evaluated sensorimotor adaptation pre-, in-, and post-flight, as well as functional brain changes at pre- and post-flight, in astronauts participating in International Space Station missions. Astronauts (n = 13) performed this task pre- and four times post-flight within an MRI scanner and performed the task three times in microgravity during a 6-mo mission. We collected behavioral data from Earth-bound controls (n = 13) along the same timeline. Astronauts displayed no change in adaptation from pre- to inflight or following their return to Earth. They showed greater aftereffects of adaptation inflight; controls did not. Astronauts also displayed increased brain activity from pre- to post-flight. These increases did not return to baseline levels until 90 d post-flight. This pattern of brain activity may reflect compensation, allowing astronauts to maintain pre-flight performance levels. These findings indicate that microgravity does not alter short-term visuomotor adaptation; however, it does affect de-adaptation, and post-flight sensorimotor neural activation can take up to 90 d to return to pre-flight levels.