Liquid biopsy entering clinical practice: Past discoveries, current insights, and future innovations

In recent years, liquid biopsy has gained prominence as an emerging biomarker in cancer research, providing critical insights into tumor biology and metastasis. Technological advancements have enabled its integration into clinical practice, with ongoing trials demonstrating encouraging outcomes. Key applications of liquid biopsy include early cancer detection, cancer staging, prognosis evaluation, and real-time monitoring of tumor progression to optimize treatment decisions. In this review, we present a comprehensive conceptual framework for liquid biopsy, discuss the challenges in its research and clinical application, and highlight its significant potential in identifying therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms across various cancer types. Furthermore, we explore the emerging role of liquid biopsy-based multicancer screening, which has shown promising advancements. Looking ahead, standardization, multi-omics coanalysis, and the advancement of precision medicine and personalized treatments are expected to drive the future development and integration of liquid biopsy into routine clinical workflows, enhancing cancer diagnosis and treatment management.