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Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Properties of Organometallic Compounds

Organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a carbon–metal bond. Carbon belongs to an organyl group like alkyl, aryl, allyl, or benzyl groups. The metal can be from Group I or Group II of the periodic table, a transition metal, or a semimetal.

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Probing Magnetism in Self-Assembled Organometallic Complexes Using Kondo Spectroscopy.

Wantong Huang¹, Paul Greule¹, Máté Stark¹

¹Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.

|January 6, 2025

Summary

Researchers created novel hybrid organometallic complexes by self-assembling individual iron atoms with molecules. This method allows for precise atomic spin control, crucial for quantum technologies and spintronics.

Keywords:

Kondo effect arene density functional theory magnetic molecules on-surface chemistry organometallic complexes phthalocyanines scanning tunneling microscopy scanning tunneling spectroscopy

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Published on: September 17, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Quantum Computing
Nanotechnology

Background:

Atomic-level spin control is key for advanced technologies like spintronics and quantum information processing.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) is a primary tool for manipulating individual atomic and molecular spin centers.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a robust self-assembly method for creating hybrid organometallic complexes using individual iron atoms and molecules.
To investigate the magnetic properties and electronic structure of these novel hybrid structures.

Main Methods:

Utilized Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) for the self-assembly of iron atoms onto bis(dibenzoylmethane) copper(II) and iron phthalocyanine molecules on a silver substrate.
Employed scanning tunneling spectroscopy to probe the magnetic properties of the assembled complexes.
Conducted density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the electronic interactions and bonding.

Main Results:

Successfully formed hybrid organometallic half-sandwich arene complexes, Fe(C6H6), with up to two iron atoms per molecule.
Observed a distinct Kondo signature at the iron sites, indicating changes in magnetic properties.
DFT calculations confirmed that Fe 3d-orbital and benzene π-molecular orbital interactions facilitate Kondo screening.

Conclusions:

Established a reliable design principle for creating hybrid organometallic complexes.
Demonstrated the ability to tune atomic spin states through controlled self-assembly.
This work paves the way for designing bespoke magnetic building blocks for quantum applications.