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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

18.2K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
18.2K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
13.3K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

26.1K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
26.1K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

41.4K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
41.4K
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

9.5K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
9.5K
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

12.1K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
12.1K

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Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction
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Key for Hexagonal Diamond Formation: Theoretical and Experimental Study.

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Scientists synthesized hexagonal diamond (HD) by simulating graphite transformations under specific pressure and temperature conditions. This breakthrough clarifies the formation mechanism and guides future synthesis of this ultrahard material.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Hexagonal diamond (HD), known for its superior hardness, has been difficult to synthesize purely under high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions.
  • Understanding the graphite-to-diamond formation mechanism is crucial for successful HD synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the formation mechanism of hexagonal diamond (HD) from graphite.
  • To identify the specific conditions required for synthesizing pure HD versus cubic diamond (CD).
  • To guide novel synthesis strategies for HD.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic molecular dynamics simulations to observe the graphite-to-HD transition.
  • Controlled high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) experiments to validate simulation findings.

Main Results:

  • Direct observation of a nucleation-growth mechanism for graphite-to-HD transition.
  • HD formation favored under quasi-uniaxial compression with high stress along the graphite [001] direction and mild temperatures.
  • Cubic diamond (CD) formation favored when graphite's AB-layer stacking is destroyed or slides freely at higher temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • Clarified pressure-temperature-controlled mechanisms governing graphite-to-diamond transitions.
  • Demonstrated successful synthesis of HD under quasi-uniaxial conditions, validating theoretical predictions.
  • Proposed a novel approach for HD synthesis by controlling graphite's basal plane stacking and layer sliding.