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Carbon dot-based fluorescent sensors for pharmaceutical detection: Current innovations, challenges, and future
Sandesh R Lodha1, Jesika G Merchant1, Arya J Pillai1
1Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Gopal Vidyanagar, Bardoli, 394350, Gujarat, India.
Heliyon
|January 6, 2025
Summary
Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is a growing concern. Carbon dots (CDs) offer sensitive and selective fluorescent sensing for detecting these trace contaminants, enabling advanced environmental monitoring.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Analytical Chemistry
- Materials Science
Background:
- Pharmaceuticals are detected at trace levels in the environment, posing risks to biological systems.
- Low-level pharmaceutical occurrence necessitates highly sensitive and selective monitoring techniques.
- Traditional detection methods face limitations in sensitivity and specificity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current environmental status of pharmaceuticals.
- To highlight limitations of traditional pharmaceutical detection techniques.
- To explore the potential of carbon dots (CDs) as fluorescent sensors for pharmaceuticals.
Main Methods:
- Discussion of carbon dots' properties, including surface modification and tunable optical characteristics.
- Explanation of sensing mechanisms: inner filter effect (IFE), dynamic quenching (DQ), static quenching (SQ), and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET).
- Exploration of co-referencing fluorophores for sensor design.
Main Results:
- Carbon dots exhibit high sensitivity and specificity for sensing applications.
- CDs offer versatile interaction mechanisms with target molecules.
- Potential for developing sensors capable of detecting pharmaceuticals from nanogram to picogram levels.
Conclusions:
- Carbon dots are promising fluorescent probes for sensitive pharmaceutical detection.
- CD-based sensors can be applied to real-time industrial and spiked sample analysis.
- Future research should focus on advancing CDs for comprehensive environmental pharmaceutical monitoring.
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