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Published on: December 19, 2020

The Triad of COVID-19 in Children: Acute COVID-19, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, and Long COVID-Part II

Avanti Gupte, Swetha Sriram, Vignesh Gunasekaran

    Pediatric Annals
    |January 6, 2025
    PubMed

    Insights

    Children infected with COVID-19 can experience acute illness, multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), or long COVID with various systemic effects. This review examines neurological, psychiatric, endocrine, hematologic, and oncologic manifestations in pediatric populations.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric infectious diseases
    • Systemic manifestations of viral infections
    • Multisystem inflammatory syndrome

    Background:

    • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a global health crisis in early 2020.
    • While generally milder in children than adults, COVID-19 presents unique challenges in the pediatric population.
    • Acute COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), and long COVID are recognized pediatric conditions with diverse systemic impacts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the neurological, psychiatric, endocrine, hematologic, and oncologic manifestations of COVID-19 in children.
    • To analyze these manifestations through the distinct lenses of acute COVID-19, MIS-C, and long COVID.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review focusing on pediatric COVID-19 and its systemic effects.
    • Analysis of studies detailing neurological, psychiatric, endocrine, hematologic, and oncologic symptoms.
    • Categorization of findings based on acute infection, MIS-C, and long COVID.

    Main Results:

    • Children can experience a range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms during acute COVID-19, MIS-C, and long COVID.
    • Endocrine, hematologic, and oncologic systems are also affected, with varying presentations across the three COVID-19 related conditions in pediatric patients.
    • Systemic manifestations are diverse and require comprehensive understanding for effective management.

    Conclusions:

    • COVID-19 impacts multiple organ systems in children, necessitating a thorough understanding of acute, MIS-C, and long COVID presentations.
    • Neurologic, psychiatric, endocrine, hematologic, and oncologic sequelae are significant considerations in the pediatric population.
    • Further research is crucial for optimizing the diagnosis and management of these diverse manifestations in children.

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