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Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2025

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

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Published on: April 10, 2015

Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Copper(I) Proazaphosphatrane Complexes.

Jack E Hoskins-Harris¹, Kiiko Kotera¹, Donovan A Hoilette¹

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States.

Inorganic Chemistry

|January 6, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New copper(I) complexes with proazaphosphatrane ligands were synthesized and studied. These complexes show promise as catalysts for borylation and hydrosilylation reactions.

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Published on: December 16, 2013

Area of Science:

Organometallic Chemistry
Catalysis
Ligand Design

Background:

Proazaphosphatrane ligands offer unique steric and electronic properties.
Copper(I) complexes are versatile catalysts in organic synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

Synthesize and characterize novel copper(I) complexes with substituted proazaphosphatrane ligands.
Investigate the structural and computational aspects of these complexes.
Evaluate their catalytic activity in key organic transformations.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of copper(I) complexes with isobutyl- and isopropyl-substituted proazaphosphatranes.
Structural analysis using X-ray crystallography.
Computational studies (e.g., DFT) to understand ligand properties.
Catalytic testing in borylation and hydrosilylation reactions.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized monomeric (L-CuX) and dimeric ([L-CuCl]2) copper(I) complexes.
Structural and computational studies revealed insights into ligand transannulation and steric bulk.
Halide complexes demonstrated competence as precatalysts in a model borylation reaction.
The silylamido complex (L-CuN(TMS)2) effectively catalyzed the hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde under mild conditions.

Conclusions:

The synthesized proazaphosphatrane copper(I) complexes are structurally well-defined.
These complexes exhibit tunable steric properties, influencing their catalytic performance.
The complexes represent a promising new class of catalysts for important organic reactions like borylation and hydrosilylation.