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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

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The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
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Van der Waals Interactions01:24

Van der Waals Interactions

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Stacking ferroelectricity in two-dimensional van der Waals materials.

Zhigang Gui1,2, Li Huang3,1

  • 1Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518045, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|January 6, 2025
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Summary

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials offer a solution to ferroelectric miniaturization challenges. Polar stacking in these 2D vdW materials enables ferroelectricity, opening new technological avenues.

Keywords:
2D vdW materialsferroelectricitystacking

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Miniaturizing ferroelectrics is hindered by depolarization fields that suppress polarization in thin films.
  • Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials have emerged as promising candidates for overcoming these limitations.
  • Intrinsic 2D vdW ferroelectrics are rare, necessitating alternative strategies like polar stacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental principles of stacking ferroelectricity in 2D vdW materials.
  • To explore symmetry analysis for designing polar stackings.
  • To discuss the theoretical origins and recent advances in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Symmetry analysis for constructing polar stacking configurations.
  • Review of classical and quantum mechanical perspectives on stacking ferroelectricity.
  • Compilation of key advances in polarization dynamics and coupled phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Polar stacking offers a general route to achieve ferroelectricity in 2D vdW materials.
  • Key advances in understanding polarization dynamics have been presented.
  • Coupled physical phenomena, including multiferroic, magnetoelectric, and valleytronic effects, are summarized.

Conclusions:

  • Stacking ferroelectricity in 2D vdW materials is a viable strategy for next-generation electronic devices.
  • The field presents significant opportunities for exploring novel physical phenomena and applications.
  • Future research should address remaining challenges and explore new developmental pathways.