MAIT cells modulating the oral lichen planus immune microenvironment: a cellular crosstalk perspective

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a type of T lymphocytes with innate-like characteristics, are crucial in bridging innate and adaptive immunity. When activated, MAIT cells release various inflammatory molecules and swiftly respond to antigens. Notably, numerous studies highlight the significant impact of MAIT cells on tumors and various immune disorders by influencing the immune microenvironment. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition mainly involving T lymphocytes. Previous research primarily focused on T cells alone, neglecting the broader immune environment. However, there is a current growing recognition of the complex interactions among multiple immune cells and inflammatory factors in patients with OLP. This immune microenvironment comprises T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, inflammation-related cytokines, and chemokines, orchestrating intricate interactions that contribute to OLP initiation and persistence. Therefore, this review consolidates current research on the interplay between MAIT cells and other immune cells within the OLP microenvironment. We also delve into potential mechanisms through which MAIT cells regulate inflammation in patients with OLP, aiming to further explore the role of MAIT cells in these patients.