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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
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COVID-19 Reproduction Numbers and Long COVID Prevalences in California State Prisons.

Lee Worden1, Rae Wannier2, Helena Archer3

  • 1Francis I. Proctor Foundation, UCSF, San Francisco, Calif., USA.

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|January 7, 2025
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Summary

COVID-19 outbreaks in California prisons disproportionately impacted Black and Indigenous people, leading to an estimated 9,100-11,000 cases of long COVID. Prison housing type did not significantly reduce transmission, highlighting the need for decarceration and improved care.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Modeling

Background:

  • Prisons are recognized as COVID-19 hotspots, potentially exacerbating racial disparities in disease burden.
  • California's state prison system experienced significant COVID-19 outbreaks, affecting a substantial portion of its population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To statistically reconstruct COVID-19 transmission pathways within California prisons.
  • To estimate the prevalence and distribution of long COVID resulting from prison outbreaks.
  • To assess the impact of prison outbreaks on racial disparities in disease burden.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized individual-level data on disease timing and nightly room assignments.
  • Employed statistical modeling to reconstruct transmission locations and pathways.
  • Estimated reproduction numbers and unobserved infection events.

Main Results:

  • Substantial COVID-19 transmission occurred in both dormitory and cell housing, irrespective of door type or season.
  • Effective reproduction numbers ranged between 0 and 5 across different housing configurations.
  • Prison outbreaks contributed to a disproportionate disease burden on Black and Indigenous populations in California.
  • An estimated 9,100-11,000 individuals developed long COVID due to prison infections, with 1,700-2,000 experiencing disabling consequences.

Conclusions:

  • Housing modifications alone are insufficient to prevent substantial COVID-19 transmission in prisons.
  • Prison outbreaks have significantly contributed to long COVID prevalence, disproportionately affecting minority groups.
  • Urgent calls for high-quality medical care for incarcerated individuals with long COVID and decarceration to mitigate future outbreaks.