Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Integration of Synaptic Events

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Graded Potential

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or...

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Early visual processing in adults with ADHD: evidence from contrast sensitivity, spatial integration, and external noise.

Vision research·2026

Same author

Foveal crowding and segmentation effects in adults with ADHD.

Vision research·2026

Same author

Perceptual learning in ADHD.

Vision research·2026

Same author

Foveal crowding increases with age under limited viewing conditions.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Foveal crowding modifies a target's properties under a brief presentation time.

Journal of vision·2025

Same author

Generalization in perceptual learning across stimuli and tasks.

Scientific reports·2024

Same journal

Anterior Cingulate Cortex Mediates State-Dependent Prioritization of Distressed Conspecifics.

Brain sciences·2026

Same journal

Hemispherotomy for Pediatric Post-Traumatic Epilepsy.

Brain sciences·2026

Same journal

When Robots Learn: Artificial Intelligence and the Next Human-Centered Era of Neurorehabilitation.

Brain sciences·2026

Same journal

The Association Between Changes in White Matter Microstructure and Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Brain sciences·2026

Same journal

Beyond Ventricular Enlargement: Multimodal MRI Assessment Improves Surgical Decision-Making in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus.

Brain sciences·2026

Same journal

The Effects of Personalized Observation, Execution, and Mental Imagery (POEM) Therapy in Logopenic Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Telepractice-Based Single-Case Study.

Brain sciences·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

What Factors Affect Binocular Summation?

Marzouk Yassin¹, Maria Lev¹, Uri Polat¹

¹School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.

|January 8, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Binocular summation (BS), the advantage of using two eyes, was unstable when participants knew which eye was tested. Using stereoscopic glasses eliminated this instability, suggesting awareness influences visual processing.

Keywords:

awareness binocular advantage binocular summation binocular vision collinear facilitation inter-ocular suppression lateral masking presentation time spatial interactions stereo glasses

More Related Videos

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Published on: March 29, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

How to Create and Use Binocular Rivalry

Published on: November 10, 2010

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Binocular Dynamic Visual Acuity in Eyeglass-Corrected Myopic Patients

Published on: March 29, 2022

Area of Science:

Vision Science
Neuroscience
Psychophysics

Background:

Binocular summation (BS) describes the enhanced visual performance when using both eyes compared to one.
Previous research indicated unstable BS with flanked stimuli when participants were aware of the tested eye.
Awareness of the tested eye was linked to blocked presentation using mono-optic glasses in prior studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of awareness in binocular summation (BS) instability.
To re-evaluate BS with flanked stimuli using stereoscopic glasses to control for awareness.
To determine if eliminating awareness of the tested condition normalizes BS.

Main Methods:

Experiments utilized stereoscopic glasses for intermixed, random presentation of stimuli.
Stimuli included a central Gabor target with flanking Gabor patterns (orthogonal or collinear).
Varying target-flanker separation (2-3 wavelengths) and presentation times (40-200 ms) were employed.

Main Results:

Binocular summation (BS) showed normal stability when stereoscopic glasses and random presentation were used.
The instability observed in previous studies was absent under these controlled conditions.
This suggests that awareness of the tested eye may contribute to BS modulation.

Conclusions:

Awareness of the tested eye condition appears to play a role in binocular summation (BS) instability.
Eliminating awareness through stereoscopic presentation normalizes binocular summation.
Binocular vision research on awareness can be advanced by controlling for conscious perception of visual input.