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What is a Species?

What is a Species?

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Genetics of Speciation

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species—groups of reproductively isolated populations.

Formation of Species

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the parent species, and barriers to reproduction will typically exist. There are two primary mechanisms, speciation with and without geographic isolation—allopatric and sympatric speciation, respectively.

Gene Flow

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Determination of the Mating Efficiency of Haploids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Determination of the Mating Efficiency of Haploids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: December 2, 2022

Neutral Genetic Diversity in Mixed Mating Systems.

Marcy K Uyenoyama¹

¹Department of Biology, Duke University, P.O. Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA.

|January 8, 2025

Summary

Different reproductive systems significantly impact neutral genetic diversity. This study compares gonochorism, hermaphroditism, androdioecy, and gynodioecy to understand diversity maintenance across mating systems.

Keywords:

Ewens’ sampling formula conservation genetics effective number hermaphroditism mating system selfing

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Determination of the Mating Efficiency of Haploids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Published on: December 2, 2022

Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila

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Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis

Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis

Published on: August 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Evolutionary Biology
Population Genetics

Background:

Reproductive systems vary in their capacity to maintain neutral genetic diversity.
Mating types and inbreeding are recognized as crucial factors influencing effective population size.

Purpose of the Study:

Compare neutral genetic diversity maintenance across four reproductive systems: gonochorism, hermaphroditism, androdioecy, and gynodioecy.
Analyze how factors like inbreeding depression and sex-specific viability influence diversity.

Main Methods:

Utilize coalescence theory to model and quantify neutral genetic diversity under different mating systems.
Incorporate sex-specific viability effects on evolutionarily stable sex ratios and reproductive contributions.

Main Results:

Describe the relationship between neutral diversity and factors such as inbreeding depression and sex-specific viability for each system.
Model the collective contribution of each mating type to offspring generation.

Conclusions:

Propose a novel summary statistic (a ratio of effective numbers) to characterize the evolutionary context.
Provide a framework for understanding diversity maintenance relevant to conservation biology.