Postoperative Imaging of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors in the Extremity: A Comprehensive Review

Postoperative imaging of musculoskeletal tumors poses a significant diagnostic challenge for radiologists. The complexity arises from the need to differentiate between expected postoperative changes, potential complications, and local recurrence. The choice of imaging modality depends on the type of primary tumor. Standard radiological modalities such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely utilized. Radiography and CT are especially valuable for assessing primary bone tumors, as they provide detailed views of bone structures and alignment, as well as revealing postoperative complications. MRIs are particularly effective for evaluating soft tissue tumors and identifying local recurrences due to its superior soft tissue contrast. The advanced imaging techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy in detecting tumor recurrence. An in-depth understanding of surgery-specific imaging findings, as well as the ability to detect recurrent disease, is crucial for early diagnosis of complications and improved patient outcomes. Familiarity with normal postoperative changes helps radiologists distinguish them from abnormal findings indicative of complications or tumor recurrence. This review article aims to outline the surgical options for musculoskeletal tumors, detail the various imaging techniques used in postoperative surveillance, and discuss the potential complications. By understanding the role of different imaging modalities and their applications associated with various surgical procedures, clinicians and radiologists can provide accurate and timely diagnoses.