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Related Concept Videos

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

176
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
176
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

96
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
96
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

190
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
190
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

357
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
357
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

409
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
409
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

399
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
399

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Updated: Jun 3, 2025

In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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Inhaled Anesthetics: Beyond the Operating Room.

Dana Darwish1, Pooja Kumar2, Khushi Urs3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inhaled anesthetics (IAs) have evolved from historical agents to modern therapeutics. Beyond anesthesia, IAs offer systemic effects for treating critical conditions like stroke and status epilepticus.

Keywords:
cerebral ischemiainhaled anestheticsmyocardial ischemiastatus asthmaticusstatus epilepticus

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Inhaled anesthetics (IAs) have a long history, evolving from early agents like ether to modern halogenated hydrocarbons.
  • They are crucial in anesthesia and critical care for sedation during surgery and critical illness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical evolution of inhaled anesthetics.
  • To discuss their mechanisms of action, systemic effects, and therapeutic applications beyond anesthesia.
  • To explore challenges and future research directions for IA utilization.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review, synthesizing existing literature.
  • It examines the historical development of IAs.
  • It analyzes their pharmacological mechanisms, systemic effects, and clinical applications.

Main Results:

  • IAs modulate lipid membranes and ion channels, explaining their anesthetic and systemic effects.
  • They impact cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal, and nervous systems.
  • IAs show therapeutic potential in treating ischemic stroke, status epilepticus, and other critical conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Inhaled anesthetics possess significant systemic effects beyond sedation, offering therapeutic benefits for various critical diseases.
  • Their clinical utility is expanding, with potential applications in intensive care and beyond the operating room.
  • Further research is needed to overcome practical challenges and fully explore the therapeutic potential of IAs.