Full Spectrum Electrochromic WO₃ Mechanism and Optical Modulation via Ex Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry: Effect of...

Tungsten oxide (WO₃) electrochromic devices are obtaining increasing interest due to their color change and thermal regulation. However, most previous work focuses on the absorption or transmission spectra of materials, rather than the optical parameters evolution in full spectrum in the electrochromic processes. Herein, we developed a systematic protocol of ex situ methods to clarify the evolutions of subtle structure changes, Raman vibration modes, and optical parameters of WO₃ thin films in electrochromic processes as stimulated by dosage-dependent Li⁺ insertion. We obtained the below information by ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. (1) Layer-by-layer Li⁺ embedding mechanism demonstrated by individual film thickness analysis. (2) The details of its optical leap in the Brillouin zone in the full spectral. (3) The optical constants varied with the Li⁺ insertion in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared bands, demonstrating the potential for applications in chip fabrication, deep-sea exploration, and optical measurements. (4) Simulated angular modulation laws of WO₃ films for full spectra in different Li⁺ insertion states. This ex situ method to study the optical properties of electrochromic devices are important for monitoring phase transition kinetics, the analysis of optical leaps, and the study of ion diffusion mechanisms and the stoichiometry-dependent changes in optical constants over the full spectral. This work shows that electrochromic films in Li⁺ surface permeation can be applied in the field of zoom lenses, optical phase modulators, and other precision optical components. Our work provides a new solution for the development of zoom lenses and a new application scenario for the application of electrochromic devices.