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Updated: Jun 3, 2025

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Pandemic-Proofing: Intercepting Zoonotic Spillover Events.

Bharti Bhatia1, Sudipta Sonar1, Seema Khan1

  • 1Molecular and Translational Virology, Centre for Virus Research, Vaccines and Therapeutics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preventing zoonotic spillover events, or cross-species transmissions, is crucial for mitigating pandemic risks. This review analyzes spillover mechanisms, risk factors, and evidence-based strategies for global health security.

Keywords:
historical spilloversone healthpreventionroot causesurveillance and healthcarezoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health Security
  • Epidemiology
  • One Health Approach

Background:

  • Zoonotic spillover events represent a significant and escalating threat to global health.
  • Preventing cross-species transmission is vital for mitigating pandemic risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Analyze mechanisms and risk factors of zoonotic spillover.
  • Propose evidence-based prevention strategies to avert future pandemics.
  • Highlight the importance of targeting spillover events as the root cause.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of major databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) from 1960-2024.
  • Analysis of documented spillover events, outcomes, and intervention strategies.
  • Examination of historical and contemporary outbreaks to understand transmission dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Key risk factors include habitat encroachment, agricultural intensification, wildlife trade, climate change, global travel, and inadequate healthcare.
  • Viral reservoirs and rapid evolution pose prediction and prevention challenges.
  • Effective solutions involve enhanced surveillance, biosecurity, diagnostics, and sustainable wildlife management.

Conclusions:

  • A "One Health" approach integrating human, animal, and environmental health is essential.
  • Predictive modeling, international cooperation, public education, and medical countermeasures are vital.
  • Proactive, comprehensive strategies addressing spillover root causes are critical for future pandemic prevention.