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Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...

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Bartonella quintana Infection in Canada: A Retrospective Laboratory Study and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Carl Boodman^1,2,3, Leslie R Lindsay⁴, Antonia Dibernardo⁴

¹Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 8, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bartonella quintana infections are increasing nationally in Canada, with cases rising over time and detected across multiple provinces. This suggests ongoing transmission and a wider distribution of this louse-borne disease.

Keywords:

ectoparasitosis endocarditis homelessness pediculosis trench fever

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Area of Science:

* Infectious Diseases
* Epidemiology
* Microbiology

Background:

* *Bartonella quintana* is a bacterium transmitted by body lice.
* Disease in Canada has been historically linked to populations experiencing homelessness and Indigenous communities.
* Understanding the current epidemiology of *B. quintana* in Canada is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate the epidemiology of *Bartonella quintana* infections in Canada.
* To analyze trends in laboratory-confirmed cases and review existing literature.

Main Methods:

* Analysis of laboratory data from Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), including qPCR cycle threshold values and antibody titers.
* Systematic literature review of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for *B. quintana* in Canada.
* Data collection spanned from the earliest records up to July 2024.

Main Results:

* Thirty-three qPCR-positive *B. quintana* cases were identified in seven provinces and one territory.
* A significant increase in cases and NML qPCR positivity rates was observed over time, with a sustained rise in IgG titers since 2017.
* The systematic review found 14 additional qPCR-positive cases and 7 probable cases, with 19% mortality, primarily due to endocarditis.

Conclusions:

* *Bartonella quintana* demonstrates a national distribution in Canada, detected across numerous provinces and territories.
* The increasing diagnosis of *B. quintana* disease indicates ongoing transmission within diverse geographic settings.
* Public health surveillance and targeted interventions are warranted given the rising incidence.