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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

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Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

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Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

An Injectable and Drug-loaded Supramolecular Hydrogel for Local Catheter Injection into the Pig Heart
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Eutectogel-Based Drug Delivery: An Innovative Approach for Atenolol Administration.

Roberta Cassano1, Roberta Sole1, Carlo Siciliano1

  • 1Dipartimento di Farmacia, Salute e Scienze della Nutrizione, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza, Italy.

Pharmaceutics
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Novel eutectogels enhance atenolol transdermal delivery. These systems, utilizing deep eutectic solvents (DESs), show significantly higher drug release compared to conventional hydrogels, offering a promising alternative for cardiovascular medication delivery.

Keywords:
antihypertensive drugsatenololdeep eutectic solventsdrug deliveryeutectogelgreen solventsβ-blockers

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Hypertension affects 32% of adults globally, driving substantial cardiovascular medication use.
  • Atenolol, a BCS Class III drug (high solubility, low permeability), is widely prescribed for cardiovascular conditions.
  • Transdermal delivery systems are gaining interest for improved patient compliance and cost-effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate novel eutectogels for enhanced transdermal delivery of atenolol.
  • To investigate the potential of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in improving atenolol's topical bioavailability.

Main Methods:

  • A deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride (HBA) and propylene glycol (HBD) was prepared.
  • Atenolol solubility in the DES was confirmed via spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies, indicating hydrogen bond formation.
  • Eutectogels were formulated using gelatin and Tego Carbomer 140, followed by characterization (rheology, swelling, permeation studies).

Main Results:

  • Eutectogels demonstrated superior performance compared to conventional hydrogels.
  • Carbomer-based eutectogels achieved an 86% atenolol release rate, while gelatin-based eutectogels reached 51%.
  • Conventional hydrogels showed significantly lower release rates (27% and 35% respectively).

Conclusions:

  • The developed eutectogels show significant potential for effective transdermal atenolol delivery.
  • This study highlights eutectogels as a promising platform for overcoming permeability challenges in transdermal drug delivery.