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RETRACTED: Ndaguba et al. Operability of Smart Spaces in Urban Environments: A Systematic Review on Enhancing Functionality and User Experience. <i>Sensors</i> 2023, <i>23</i>, 6938.

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Towards Accurate Photogrammetry Using Molded Markers.

Iñigo Auzmendi Iriarte1, Oier Saez de Egilaz1, Pedro Gonzalez de Alaiza Martinez1

  • 1IDEKO Research Center, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20870 Elgoibar, Spain.

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|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces molded markers for automated photogrammetry, reducing manual labor. These embedded cross-shaped markers improve accuracy and usability in industrial applications.

Keywords:
accurate photogrammetryfiducial markersmolded markerspolarimetry

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Area of Science:

  • Photogrammetry
  • Computer Vision
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Traditional marker-based photogrammetry is labor-intensive due to manual sticker application and removal.
  • Existing methods lack automation and efficiency in point measurement.
  • Composite piece manufacturing often involves integrated features that could be leveraged.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automated photogrammetry system using integrated molded markers.
  • To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of 3D measurements in composite materials.
  • To investigate the use of polarimetric imaging for robust marker detection.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a two-stage marker detection algorithm: Faster R-CNN for initial detection and classical cross center detection for accurate localization.
  • Utilized raised, cross-shaped molded markers embedded directly into composite pieces.
  • Investigated the performance of polarimetric images for improved detection rates under varying lighting conditions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a median photogrammetry accuracy of 0.170 mm/m (IQR: 0.069–0.368 mm/m).
  • Demonstrated high detection rates and accuracy using polarimetric imaging, even in adverse lighting.
  • Validated the system's viability for accurate and automated photogrammetry.

Conclusions:

  • Molded markers offer a viable and automated solution for photogrammetry in composite manufacturing.
  • The proposed two-stage detection algorithm combined with polarimetric imaging ensures high accuracy and robustness.
  • This approach significantly enhances automation and usability compared to traditional methods.