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Senolytic Vaccines from the Central and Peripheral Tolerance Perspective.

Mariia I Vasilieva1, Rimma O Shatalova1, Kseniia S Matveeva1,2

  • 1Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Sirius 354349, Russia.

Vaccines
|January 8, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Vaccine development offers a promising strategy for combating age-related diseases by targeting senescent cells. Overcoming challenges like cellular heterogeneity and low immunogenicity is key to extending healthy lifespan.

Keywords:
ageingcentral toleranceperipheral tolerancesenescencesenescent-associated antigenssenescent-specific antigenssenolytic vaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Immunology
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Vaccination is a highly effective preventive medical technology, saving numerous lives and successfully controlling infectious diseases.
  • Increased life expectancy has led to a rise in age-associated diseases, creating a significant socio-economic burden.
  • Senescent cells accumulate with age, contributing to age-related diseases and functional decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of vaccine-based approaches for preventing or treating age-related diseases.
  • To investigate the role of senescent cells in aging and the feasibility of targeting them with vaccines.
  • To discuss immunological mechanisms that hinder the development of anti-senescent vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on preventive medicine, vaccination, and aging.
  • Analysis of the biological basis of senescent cell accumulation and its impact on health.
  • Discussion of immunological tolerance mechanisms (central and peripheral) influencing anti-senescent immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Eliminating senescent cells in animal models has shown functional restoration, rejuvenation, and life extension.
  • Development of vaccines against senescent cells faces challenges due to antigenic heterogeneity and lack of unique markers.
  • Self-originating senescent cells exhibit low immunogenicity, complicating vaccine design.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccine-based strategies targeting senescent cells hold significant potential for promoting active longevity and economic benefits.
  • Understanding and overcoming central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms are crucial for developing effective anti-senescent vaccines.
  • Further research is needed to address the immunological hurdles in creating vaccines against senescent cells for age-related conditions.